Hi Ellen,
I am brand new in this forum but have been a mac/apple user since 1987,,,
there are many ways to get yr contacts from yr iPhone to yr Outlook account, just not the other way around and MS has made it super hard to integrate ... but the easiest by FAR is simply to get iCloud. As a mac or iOS iuser you automatically get 5G of free storage which will sync any of yr devices where you have signed in with yr required iCloud acct. And you can export all of yr contacts from both yr Mail app and yr ADdress Book on yr ,
You have to have an apple id anyway for iTunes and for the MAS (Mac App Store) They will be synced automatically between all yr devices without EVER AGAIN HAVING TO MANUALLY put them in one at a time (eeegads..)
Also, though you did not complain or ask about yr Outlook/macMail options may i recommend that you at least just test-run the Mac Mail app built in first and see how ya like it? ... It will save you numerous headaches along the way
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MAC MAIL:
Pros: it is super user friendly and includes all of the features that Outlook does with a simpler clean interface... also, yr contacts will sync seamlessly with both yr phone and yr email without even having to configure it all. If you make sure to set up yr email account FIRST in yr SYSTEM PREFS/INTERNET ACCOUNTS rather than via yr MAIL PREFS it will be much easier... Your email recipients as well as senders will automatically get added to yr AddressBook (aka "Contacts" on Mac) along with yr iPhone within seconds of you sending an email from yr desktop. Oh and you can even export all facebook and twitter contacts into and out of yr mac CONTACTS ... it will automatically sort all yr account contacts for you by group, iCloud, fb, iMessage, Mail, gmail, etc
Oh and you can run exchange server in the mail app so its just a matter of what interface u like better after the syncing issue
Cons: Not as pretty to look at as Outlook at first glance unless you utilize yr text color options in rules for diff categories but apple has made it super easy.
OUTLOOK:
Pros: If your workplace has an Exchange Server and everyone uses Outlook then that's a natural reason to go with Outlook It is also the more used choice as it is a Microsoft product which is both a pro and a con,,,,
Cons: Outlook's contacts and calendars do not integrate with Messages/iMessage and FaceTime, Contacts or iOS so if you're using Messages and/or FaceTime even regularly... having your contacts and calendars in Outlook can be a major pain
Setting up all yr prefs is much more labor intensive and complicated than it is in Mail... but then that is the Microsoft way, right?
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SO ITS REALLY JUST PERSONAL PREFERENCE but being someone who used both extensively depending on my workplace I thought maybe i could help... and if you use any of those apps i just mentioned it should be a no-brainer for you...
WELCOME to the Zen world of Apple, Ellen... though some things will piss you off you will definitely love the differences...
Cheers to all and forgive my first post here being so lengthy...
Bex
PS whatever you do some old school microsoft folks may tell ya to transfer all yr old Outlook contacts to Iphone via a CSV file into Excell... hahhaha dont do it the prehistoric way... yr entire contacts database can be sent over to yr apple CONTACTS which will then enable you to forever have them connected to ALL OF YR APPS. You will now be able to send one contact or yr entire database to yr phone on just ONE vcf card and u can do it in a text message.