Yes, you could try and use macOS Recovery. But, two important caveats, in your case:
1. After booting as oldscribe mentioned above, you need to first select Disk Utility to repair your internal drive. Without a backup, though, you are taking a risk doing that.
2. Assuming all goes well with #1, you'll have a choice on how to proceed. If you just do a re-installation of the Mac OS, it will just do a "re-install in place", so to speak, without disturbing any non-OS files/applications, etc. Hopefully, that will work fine. The other choice is to a clean, "virgin" installation of the Mac OS> For that, you would need Disk Utility to first Erase and re-format the drive. But, you would lose everything on the drive (again, you have no backup).